Biztonságpolitika

La guerre dans le golfe Persique provoque une forte hausse des prix du pétrole et du gaz sur les marchés mondiaux. Dans les Balkans, les premiers effets se font déjà sentir : carburants plus chers, craintes d'inflation et mesures d'urgence envisagées par les gouvernements.

Az éppen 35 éve lezajlott Sivatagi Vihar (Desert Storm) hadművelet során a bevetéseket végrehajtó hajózószemélyzetekre nem csak az ellenséges légtérben leselkedett veszély – olykor a technika ördöge is kihívás elé állította a pilótákat. A pilótafülkében nekik kellett helytállni, de bizonyos helyzetekben, külső segítség nélkül nem lett volna esélyük a sikerre. Így történt az 1991-es öbölháború egyik napján, a USS Midway repülőgép-hordozó pilótájával és tengerészeivel is.

Az öbölháború idején az amerikai haditengerészet (US Navy) legrégebbi repülőgép-hordozója a USS Midway volt. Az építésekor új osztályt képviselő hajó, a második világháború idején készült, majd az ötvenes években végzett átépítés során szögfedélzetet kapott. A hetvenes években ismét modernizálták, a katapultok számát háromról kettőre csökkentették, és a repülőfedélzet méretét megnövelték. A hajó méretein az átépítéssel lényegesen nem lehetett változtatni. Szemben az újabb hordozók négyköteles rendszerével, a Midwayen három kötél volt és a fedélzet kis mérete miatt a pilótáknak minimális hibázási lehetőségük sem volt: egy kissé megsüllyedve a fedélzet végének ütközhettek, egy kissé magasan közelítve fékhorguk garantáltan elvétette a fékezőkötelek egyikét. Mindezek tetejébe Midway eredetileg cirkálónak készült, ahhoz optimalizált, 33 csomós (61 km/h) sebességet biztosító hajótesttel. Az átépítéskor erre a testre került a később még meg is növelt felületű repülőfedélzet, magasra helyezve a hajó súlypontját. Emiatt erősebb hullámzásnál a hordozó nagyon instabil lett, akár 20-25 fokra is megdőlhetett, ami erőteljes bólintó mozgással is párosult. Mindezek extra kihívás elé állították a Midway fedélzetén települő nyolc repülőszázad személyzetét. Az öbölháború során három F/A-18 Hornet vadászbombázó század, két A-6 Intruder közepes bombázószázad, egy-egy EA-6B Prowler elektronikai hadviselési és E-2C Hawkeye légtérellenőrző és korai előrejelző század valamint egy SH-3 Sea Kinggel repülő helikopterszázad, összesen hatvan repülőeszköz kapott helyet a fedélzeten. A korszak nagyjai közül az F-14 Tomcat az S-3 Viking üzemeltetésére a Midway nem volt alkalmas.

[...] Bővebben!

This contribution to the Korean Development Institute's Knowledge Brief series contextualises and analyses the German Federal Ministry for Economic Co-Operation and Development's reform plan, as published in January 2026.

This contribution to the Korean Development Institute's Knowledge Brief series contextualises and analyses the German Federal Ministry for Economic Co-Operation and Development's reform plan, as published in January 2026.

A történelemben talán néha érvényesül valamiféle karma. VIII. Henrik angol királlyal pl. körülbelül annyira volt nagyvonalú és jóindulatú a történelmi emlékezet, amennyire ő ápolt ugyanilyen viszonyt saját udvartartásával és alattvalóival: kevéssé vagy semennyire. Becsvágya arra ösztökélte, hogy dinasztiaalapító atyját megpróbálja túlszárnyalni, hogy féljék és tiszteljék a nevét angolhon határain innen és túl egyaránt. Hát önmagában a hírnév az biztosan összejött neki, elvégre az angol uralkodók sorában a három legismertebb között biztos ott találja a nevét bármilyen felmérés. Csakhogy az ő reménye az volt, hogy egy újra felemelkedő nagyhatalom hódító lovagkirályaként és az igaz hit nagylelkű védelmezőjeként emlékszik majd reá a hálás utókor, nem pedig úgy, mint züllött, az asszonyait elveszejtő, potrohos zsarnokra. 

[...] Bővebben!

Webinaire le 3 mars 2026 à 18h30
Avec Jean Arnault Derens, rédacteur en chef du Courrier des Balkans
et Milica Čubrilo Filipović, correspondante à Belgrade du Courrier des Balkans
Lien zoom https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85442537321?pwd=aaoaDKVGRsMeqIeIDNngubCBaSa38G.1
ID de réunion : 854 4253 7321 Code secret : 388335

This chapter traces the evolution of bus rapid transit (BRT) and examines its implications for urban mobility policymaking, particularly in cities in the Global South. It reviews BRT’s historical origins and global diffusion, its socio-economic and environmental impacts, as well as the distinct political dynamics that characterize the system’s implementation and operations. The chapter posits that BRT has undergone three key transformations since the 1960s-70s. The system originally emerged as a cost-effective alternative to urban rail projects, in the 2000s it then reinvented itself as a tool for sustainable urban development, and most recently it has started to reinvent itself yet again as a planning instrument for transportation formalization. Despite these changes in the policy objectives underpinning BRT initiatives, the system’s core innovation has remained unchanged: its modular flexibility. This flexibility has enabled the system’s widespread adoption and adaptation. The chapter argues that BRT offers policymakers an instructive case of how context-sensitive transit planning can help cities build more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable urban mobility systems.

This chapter traces the evolution of bus rapid transit (BRT) and examines its implications for urban mobility policymaking, particularly in cities in the Global South. It reviews BRT’s historical origins and global diffusion, its socio-economic and environmental impacts, as well as the distinct political dynamics that characterize the system’s implementation and operations. The chapter posits that BRT has undergone three key transformations since the 1960s-70s. The system originally emerged as a cost-effective alternative to urban rail projects, in the 2000s it then reinvented itself as a tool for sustainable urban development, and most recently it has started to reinvent itself yet again as a planning instrument for transportation formalization. Despite these changes in the policy objectives underpinning BRT initiatives, the system’s core innovation has remained unchanged: its modular flexibility. This flexibility has enabled the system’s widespread adoption and adaptation. The chapter argues that BRT offers policymakers an instructive case of how context-sensitive transit planning can help cities build more efficient, inclusive, and sustainable urban mobility systems.

Seit ihrer Gründung verweist die BRICS-Gruppe immer wieder auf die Vereinten Nationen als zentralen Rahmen der internationalen Ordnung. Trotz des Gewichts einzelner BRICS-Mitglieder gelingt es BRICS als Gruppe aufgrund interner Diskrepanzen aber bisher nicht, etablierte Ordnungselemente zu unterminieren oder alternative Ordnungsvorschläge zu lancieren.

Seit ihrer Gründung verweist die BRICS-Gruppe immer wieder auf die Vereinten Nationen als zentralen Rahmen der internationalen Ordnung. Trotz des Gewichts einzelner BRICS-Mitglieder gelingt es BRICS als Gruppe aufgrund interner Diskrepanzen aber bisher nicht, etablierte Ordnungselemente zu unterminieren oder alternative Ordnungsvorschläge zu lancieren.

As the world approaches global warming tipping points, local climate engagement aims at climate actions that are equitable, effective and aligned with local needs. Strengthening and scaling up these initiatives can amplify impact, though efforts are often fragmented and require strengthened coordination. This policy brief identifies barriers and enablers of local climate action, how it is best scaled up, and how international actors – donors, policymakers, city and research networks, businesses and others – can support this process. 
Building on these insights, the following points outline key conditions for strengthening, scaling up and sustaining locally led climate action:
•    community-centred co-creation – investing in participatory, culturally grounded processes that map local needs, integrate diverse knowledge, and establish a common language;
•    predictable, flexible funding – providing long-term resources for locally led climate action, and planning additional finance to scale up solutions, including those involving knowledge sharing platforms and coordi-nation capacity;
•    private-sector engagement – creating incentives aligned with climate and community priorities, such as collaboration in the development of green products, in facilitating their market access and assisting with certification and value-chain regulations.
•    multilevel coordination and data sharing – establishing clear institutional pathways, monitoring mechanisms and interoperable data platforms to connect local action with national and international policies, leveraging synergies, and increasing accountability; and
•    just international partnerships – supporting local and Southern priorities through green development opportunities, ensuring fairness and co-benefits for the partners involved.

As the world approaches global warming tipping points, local climate engagement aims at climate actions that are equitable, effective and aligned with local needs. Strengthening and scaling up these initiatives can amplify impact, though efforts are often fragmented and require strengthened coordination. This policy brief identifies barriers and enablers of local climate action, how it is best scaled up, and how international actors – donors, policymakers, city and research networks, businesses and others – can support this process. 
Building on these insights, the following points outline key conditions for strengthening, scaling up and sustaining locally led climate action:
•    community-centred co-creation – investing in participatory, culturally grounded processes that map local needs, integrate diverse knowledge, and establish a common language;
•    predictable, flexible funding – providing long-term resources for locally led climate action, and planning additional finance to scale up solutions, including those involving knowledge sharing platforms and coordi-nation capacity;
•    private-sector engagement – creating incentives aligned with climate and community priorities, such as collaboration in the development of green products, in facilitating their market access and assisting with certification and value-chain regulations.
•    multilevel coordination and data sharing – establishing clear institutional pathways, monitoring mechanisms and interoperable data platforms to connect local action with national and international policies, leveraging synergies, and increasing accountability; and
•    just international partnerships – supporting local and Southern priorities through green development opportunities, ensuring fairness and co-benefits for the partners involved.

Just Transitions (JT) toward sustainable, equitable, and low-carbon futures have become a central focus of global climate policy, exemplified by initiatives such as Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JET-Ps) and the UNFCCC Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP). For some actors, JT is understood in sectoral terms, focusing on energy transitions. Others emphasise more transformative approaches grounded in global structural reform and climate justice. Although existing scholarship has mapped JT framings in the literature, across national climate policy and non-academic frameworks, no study has yet examined how individuals shaping global climate policy themselves understand and prioritise JT. Approximately 130 Blue Zone-accredited attendees (i.e. those with access to the formal negotiations) were surveyed at COP28 in Dubai, including party delegates, policy-makers, civil society representatives and others. The survey was structured around five JT typologies – from least to most transformative – drawn from existing literature, as well two novel typologies: one centered on energy, another on sustainable development. Results indicate a strong preference for approaches extending beyond energy to encompass broader sustainable development concerns, with policy coherence identified as a crucial governance principle. Respondents also favour more transformative policies around global structural reform and climate finance for lower-income countries, while the most prioritized justice dimension is accountability and responsibility for climate change. The results also show differences in preferences between participants from high- and lower-income countries, with the latter favouring more transformative notions of JT. However, overall, JT preferences straddle multiple typologies, suggesting that policy mixes delivering broader sustainable development outcomes could provide an effective and politically viable way to reconcile competing views. By exploring the perspectives of those shaping global climate policy, the paper enriches scholarly discussions on JT framings, while offering guidance and directions for the ongoing JTWP negotiations amidst the latest COP30 decision to establish a global just transition mechanism.

Just Transitions (JT) toward sustainable, equitable, and low-carbon futures have become a central focus of global climate policy, exemplified by initiatives such as Just Energy Transition Partnerships (JET-Ps) and the UNFCCC Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP). For some actors, JT is understood in sectoral terms, focusing on energy transitions. Others emphasise more transformative approaches grounded in global structural reform and climate justice. Although existing scholarship has mapped JT framings in the literature, across national climate policy and non-academic frameworks, no study has yet examined how individuals shaping global climate policy themselves understand and prioritise JT. Approximately 130 Blue Zone-accredited attendees (i.e. those with access to the formal negotiations) were surveyed at COP28 in Dubai, including party delegates, policy-makers, civil society representatives and others. The survey was structured around five JT typologies – from least to most transformative – drawn from existing literature, as well two novel typologies: one centered on energy, another on sustainable development. Results indicate a strong preference for approaches extending beyond energy to encompass broader sustainable development concerns, with policy coherence identified as a crucial governance principle. Respondents also favour more transformative policies around global structural reform and climate finance for lower-income countries, while the most prioritized justice dimension is accountability and responsibility for climate change. The results also show differences in preferences between participants from high- and lower-income countries, with the latter favouring more transformative notions of JT. However, overall, JT preferences straddle multiple typologies, suggesting that policy mixes delivering broader sustainable development outcomes could provide an effective and politically viable way to reconcile competing views. By exploring the perspectives of those shaping global climate policy, the paper enriches scholarly discussions on JT framings, while offering guidance and directions for the ongoing JTWP negotiations amidst the latest COP30 decision to establish a global just transition mechanism.