La Fondation pour l’innovation politique souhaite relayer le 5ème colloque des biotechnologies végétales organisé par l’AFBV en collaboration avec saf agr'iDées.
Cet article 6/10/15 : 5ème colloque des biotechnologies végétales organisé par l’AFBV en collaboration avec saf agr’iDées est apparu en premier sur Fondapol.
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On September 12, the International Peace Institute (IPI) convened a meeting on “Preparing for Pandemics” to facilitate a discussion on lessons learned from past experiences with dealing with pandemics, and ways of preparing more effectively for future outbreaks.
The meeting, which took place at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, brought together a diverse group of relevant experts including public health specialists, medical doctors, philanthropists, historians, as well as representatives of civil society, the military, UN Member States, and multi-lateral institutions.
In his opening remarks, IPI President Terje Rød-Larsen stressed the link between security and health. Pointing to how polio persists in a few unstable regions of the world—like parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nigeria, Somalia and Syria—he said that “where there is instability, there is a greater risk of disease.” Therefore, the challenge is to reduce risk and increase resilience.
Dr. Margaret Chan, Director-General of the World Health Organization, and Dr. Elhadj As Sy, Secretary-General of the International Federation of the Red Cross also gave remarks, and both stressed how Ebola had tested the international community, and that more effective multilateral responses are essential for the future.
The first session recalled pandemics of the past like cholera, the Spanish flu, H1N1, polio and Ebola. It was observed that international cooperation and standardized procedures originated in efforts to control an outbreak of cholera in the mid-nineteenth century. The impact of war on the spread of diseases was also explained. Speakers identified factors that contribute to vulnerability and the spread of pandemics. The interface between humans and animals was given particular attention: an appeal was made for an international treaty on reporting viruses in animals that could have an impact on humans. The importance of early detection, increased surveillance and early action were highlighted, although it was noted that states are often hesitant to acknowledge the detection of a disease on their territory for fear of the economic and reputational costs. It was therefore discussed how to incentivize sharing information on pandemics at an early stage, and how to avoid states oscillating between denial and over-reaction. The issue was also raised on how to respect sovereignty while minimizing the transnational spread of diseases from countries that refuse international assistance. The importance of building trust at the community level was also emphasized.
The second session focused on lessons learned from dealing with Ebola and polio. Representatives from the (WHO) Polio Eradication Initiative, the armed forces of Pakistan and National Ebola Emergency Operations Center in Nigeria shared their first-hand experiences. Among the lessons learned were: pre-planning of an outbreak response plan; the need for a whole-of-government emergency response; appointment of a coordinator; establishment of an emergency planning and crisis response cell; sufficient human resources; innovative use of technology; the engagement of local actors; as well as a communications strategy. As demonstrated by the case of Pakistan, there may also be times when the military can play a key role in mobilizing its assets for emergency response.
The third session focused on actionable solutions. Discussants stressed the need for political commitment, capacity building in a way that encourages “brain gain” rather than “brain drain”, greater investment in healthcare systems, more research and development on effective vaccines (i.e., against influenza), and enhanced compliance with the WHO’s International Health Regulations. There was wide appreciation for the work of front line health workers.
The last session discussed policy recommendations for a more robust response to future pandemics. Speakers, including Dr. Chan and Mr. Sy, stressed the importance of transparency, leadership, coherence in policy, more effective use of technology, more open data sharing, well-trained front-line health workers, a culture of prevention, and the mainstreaming of health into development strategies. Participants also stressed the challenge of mobilizing an international emergency response when national capacities are overwhelmed. It was also suggested to formalize the relationship between the WHO and other parts of the UN system.
The meeting builds on IPI’s work on peace and health, particularly its cooperation with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, to overcome the final barriers to the global eradication of polio. Recommendations from the meeting will also feed into the work of the Independent Commission on Multilateralism (ICM).
One of the most important novelties of the Lisbon Treaty is the abolition of the pillar structure which used to 'stigmatise' EU activities based on the supranational vs. intergovernmental operating mode. With the new treaty in place, the Union becomes a united construct which brings about serious systemic challenges. As of now on, different EU policies as well as its operating modes shall interfere with each other to an even greater extent. Granting new important competences to the EP (broadening the scope of the ordinary legislative procedure) and the European Council (now an official EU institution) [1] will change the hitherto division of labour amongst Union's institutions. New systemic challenges for the EU and its functioning will also arise as a consequence of the economic crisis. International agreements brought into life to address it, such as the Fiscal Compact Treaty (FCT), overlap with the EU political system (e.g. it benefits from its institutional capabilities) but are not part of the acquis communautaire, therefore causing interpretation problems. [2] All this will inevitably lead to functional clashes, some of which will have to be resolved by the ECJ. Consequently, one of its tasks in the post-Lisbon reality will be to contribute to finding a new balance within the EU political system by increasing the latter's effectiveness (attainment of predefined policy objectives - policy outcomes) as opposed to efficiency (focus on internal procedural arrangements - policy outputs). [3]
The ECJ as the system's moderatorWhat purpose should this revamped EU political system serve ? It shall enable further European integration based on stability and predictability. It is important to realise that the current crisis is not only of the economic nature but it concerns the whole political set-up of the Union. Although the EU efficiently put in place measures - policy outputs - aimed to prevent the member states from breaking the Maastricht criteria, i.e. excessive deficit procedure ; it fell short of effectiveness as the expected policy outcomes (stable and predictable integration in the economic field) were not achieved. It is worth highlighting that the division of tasks amongst different EU institutions with regards to their monetary union responsibilities, which had been established long before Lisbon, was clear : the EC and the Council were made decision-makers and the EP together with the European Council mostly deliberative bodies. Under the new conditions (power more dispersed as new competences granted to the EP and the European Council, merger of the EU pillars), the ECJ shall more often be required to give its views on complexities regarding relations between different institutions, procedures governing the EU political system and their applicability. Its role shall therefore evolve more towards the system moderator bringing back stability and predictability which is an intermediate stage between the system interpreter and its regulator. Such a transformation shall be within reasonable limits : the ECJ cannot overregulate the system which currently provides for different means of dispute resolution (political bargaining) nor shall it try to 'capture' the process of European integration by getting involved in political quarrels between different EU institutions. This would result in a situation whereby the Court, through its rulings, could shape (skew ?) teleological dimension of the Union, i.e. its objectives, which shall be done through political cooperation conducted in good faith and not by judicial bodies. In short, 'yes' to smarter involvement of the EU's judiciary (rule of law), 'no' to raising its political profile (rule of lawyers). A good example of the ECJ taking up a new role of the EU political system's moderator can be observed in its recent ruling in the Pringle case. [4] In it, the Court decided that the establishment of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM), which was contested by some parties in the EU, was in accordance with Union law. By arguing that, the Court confirmed that the member states had been right in pursuing extraordinary measures with the aim of safeguarding the eurozone. By answering a simple yes-or-no question (was the creation of the ESM in conformity with EU law ?) the ECJ interpreted the decision taken by the national governments to be legally sound. The Court had been mainly required to produce such interpretations in the past but the post-Lisbon reality, with all its complexities, brings about new circumstances in which the ECJ will have to give much better quality advice as to where the EU should be headed. This is exactly what the Court did in the Pringle judgement when it decided to have its say on how the ESM should operate which resulted in going beyond a simple interpretation of the legality of the measure in question. Its view, clearly expressed in the ruling, was that any financial aid under the ESM should be subject to strict conditions to be met by future beneficiaries. Therefore, the Court confirmed the validity of the principle set out by the national governments in article 136 (3) TFEU that no financial aid should be granted to a member state in need unless it commits itself to major structural reforms. It should be highlighted that in its judgement the Court successfully restrained itself from crossing the line separating moderation of the political system from its regulation. Had the ECJ decided to do the latter and list a number of specific criteria to be met by future EMS aid receivers, it would have failed to recognise the need for institutional adaptations necessary when dealing with different EU member states. By keeping this factor in mind together with recognising that some countries had found themselves in a difficult economic position, each for a different reason ; the ECJ acted in a way which does not threaten the flexibility of the EU political system necessary to help those in need out of trouble. Consequently, the Court indicated it did not intend to influence policy choices which were to be made by relevant EU institutions. What it did, however, was to support a general conditionality principle concerning future bail-outs.
Raising the ECJ's profile and potential benefitsThe major systemic constraint of the ECJ is that it has to be called upon to act by other actors. However, most of them, especially the member states, consider the Court as the 'nuclear option' and prefer to find a suitable consensus while keeping it at a distance. The problem starts when such a deal hampers system's balance as was the case with eurozone integration where the member states made themselves the sole responsible for punishing a country failing to meet the convergence criteria. Going against the nemo iudex in causa sua principle led to a situation where an EU member could get away with not complying with the rules. Had there been a way to take member states to Court for violating the EMU provisions, discussions on its condition and areas where it possibly fell short of could have started years ago. One cannot be sure that it would have prevented the crisis but surely would have reduced its scale. There is no formal way to make EU actors refer to the ECJ more often. They will surely have problems accepting the Court's new role. However, it is important to show responsibility in this respect and to keep in mind that the ECJ has largely contributed to advancement of European integration in areas where it has been called upon to act (e.g. the common market as opposed to the CFSP). While reaching out to the ECJ might look burdensome it pays off in the long-term perspective as such regulatory check-up increases the effectiveness of these parts of the EU political system where it was performed. The choice is therefore between short-term pain vs. long-term gain. Balancing the post-Lisbon political system of the EU will streamline its effectiveness. This in consequence shall reassure the member states that it is still possible to address serious systemic challenges through the Union. Closer ECJ's scrutiny shall ensure that a number of integrationist spin-offs (not to be confused with spill-overs) such as the FCT, or in fact the ESM which also largely operates outside the EU framework, is largely reduced. It is true that both the UK and the Czech Republic blocked the former's inclusion in EU law. However, had the ECJ been given a chance to 'beef up' the monetary union, would there have been a need for their veto in the first place ?
Bartłomiej Telejko is a policy adviser to the ECR Group at the European Parliament (EU energy, digital and trade policies), a former researcher at Centre Thucydide in Paris, a former trainee at the European Commission and German Marshall Fund of the U.S. in Brussels. He graduated from the College of Europe and holds a PhD in EU trade policy from the Jagiellonian University in Cracow, Poland. Views expressed in the essay are his own and do not reflect the position of the ECR Group.
[1] See more : J. Monar, "The European Union's institutional balance of power after the Treaty of Lisbon," in : Vv. Aa., The European Union after the Treaty of Lisbon : visions of leading policy-makers, academics and journalists, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2011, pp. 60-89.
[2] See e.g. R. Dehousse, "The 'Fiscal Compact' : legal uncertainty and political ambiguity", Notre Europe Policy Brief, no. 33, February, 2013.
[3] J. Neyer, ''Explaining the unexpected : efficiency and effectiveness in European decision-making'', Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 11, no. 1, 2004, pp. 19-38.
[4] C-370/12, Pringle vs. Ireland, 2012, E.C.R.
dd« Le temps », écrivait Jean Cocteau, « est de l'éternité pliée ». Formule séduisante mais inexacte puisque l'éternité nie le temps et ne l'allonge ni ne le plie. Il n'en demeure pas moins qu'il existe des plis du temps, non pas tant ceux de la chronologie ou de la mesure du temps que ceux de l'historien ou simplement de ceux qui le vivent. Ces plis ajoutent une dimension qualitative, un sens de la période et du moment au parcours monocorde de la flèche du temps. C'est en quelque sorte une variante subjective, sociale, politique et intellectuelle de la relativité – la théorie scientifique qui domine le XXe siècle – que cette approche différentielle de phases, de moments et de rythmes, vécus aussi bien collectivement qu'individuellement – à l'instar d'un rythme musical, qui pour respecter la rigueur plate du métronome n'en construit pas moins un drame, avec son début, sa péripétie, sa conclusion. (...)
« J 'ai tué beaucoup de gens avec la kalachnikov (ou kalach) et me suis bien camé avec kanif et les autres drogues dures » . Voici comment débute le récit de Birahima, jeune garçon d'une dizaine d'années qui conte sa vie d'enfant-soldat à travers les guerres civiles en Afrique dans les années 1990. Au cours de son périple, il traversera ainsi le Libéria et la Sierra Leone. Le parcours de Komona, jeune fille de douze ans enlevée par un groupe rebelle en Afrique, est similaire. Elle raconte l'histoire d'une ancienne enfant-soldat sur le point de donner la vie. A son futur enfant, elle murmure : « Ecoute bien quand je te raconte mon histoire parce que c'est important que tu comprennes c'est quoi la vie de ta maman avant que tu sortes de mon ventre. Parce que quand tu vas sortir, je ne sais pas si le Bon Dieu va me donner assez la force pour t'aimer ». Ces quelques mots révèlent, dès le début, l'une des réalités des conflits armés concernant le traitement réservé aux filles. (...)
The loss of over a thousand human lives in an effort to cross the Mediterranean has once again drawn media and political attention to the challenges that the EU is facing in governing irregular migration and asylum in the region. However, what seems to be still missing is our (experts’ and policy makers’) understanding of what drives people to put their lives at risk in search of a better future.The policy paper offers recommendations to the Greek government, policy makers and practitioners based on the results of the IRMA project.
Mercredi 9 septembre, après un mot d'accueil du GCA Bernard de COURREGES d'USTOU, directeur de l'IHEDN et de Madame Nicole GNESOTTO, présidente du conseil d’administration de l’IHEDN, ...
You can read here the article on the refugee crisis, which was written by Director General of ELIAMEP Dr Thanos Dokos. This commentary was published in the Greek daily Kathimerini on 9 September 2015.
On September 9, at the conclusion of the IPI Salzburg Forum on “The Rule of Law and the Laws of War,” a declaration was issued that called for action on the refugee crisis. Moved and concerned by the massive human tragedy of millions of refugees fleeing from war and persecution, participants at the IPI seminar spontaneously decided to draft a declaration with concrete steps to help save refugees.
The President of IPI, Terje Rød-Larsen, described the current response of the international community as “haphazard, disjointed and reactive.” He therefore urged his colleagues to put forward proposals for more effective multilateral cooperation to save lives and help those in need.
The message of the declaration is that a major rescue operation should be mobilized to pick up the refugees close to where they are fleeing from (particularly Syria), and bring them to safety in a dignified and orderly way rather than having to cope with unsafe journeys, unscrupulous smugglers and traffickers, and unsympathetic governments.
The drafters of the declaration, including former foreign ministers Lloyd Axworthy of Canada, Gareth Evans of Australia and Amr Moussa of Egypt, said that “how the international community resolves this crisis is a test of the seriousness of our commitment to our common humanity, and will hopefully provide a model for our collective response to acute displacement problems in other parts of the world.”
The declaration calls for the creation of humane, properly resourced and equipped reception centers in key hubs in the Middle East, North Africa, and Europe where refugees are congregating. It suggests that in order to share the responsibility of resettling the refugees around the world, criteria should be drawn up for indicative quotas against which Member States throughout the world should be asked to accept those seeking protection. To accelerate the processing of asylum claims, it urges to treat all nationals fleeing violence from Syria as eligible for temporary protection status. To pick the refugees up and bring them to safety, the declaration seeks support from commercial ship and airlines. To finance the global rescue initiative, the declaration calls for the creation a Solidarity Fund, and the convening by the UN Secretary-General of a Pledging Conference.
Rita Hauser, Chair of the Board of IPI, and one of the driving forces behind the declaration said: “While Europe is looking for solutions, this is not only a European problem. This is a global problem which needs a rapid global response.” Citing past precedents like the resettlement of the Vietnamese “boat people,” Hauser said “this crisis is solvable, it just needs better leadership, political will, and a coordinated plan of action.”
As the declaration says, “this global rescue initiative would save lives, significantly reduce the market for smugglers and traffickers, facilitate the effective processing of protection claims, and more equitably share the responsibility a humanitarian tragedy that affects us all.”
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“These weapons are here to enable the self-defense and secure the territorial integrity of the lake’s inhabitants–a goose and three ducks,” artist Ray Bartkus announced to the participants of the 2015 IPI Salzburg Forum entitled “The Rule of Law and the Laws of War.” “We artists have nothing to do with it and deny all accusations to be involved in this so-called art installation,” he said.
At the annual IPI high-level event in Schloss Leopoldskron, Salzburg, Austria, which took place from September 6-9, 2015, participants reflected on the theme of the conference against the backdrop of a world in the midst of turbulent change. In his installation entitled “Hybrid War,” artist Ray Bartkus created a different kind of reflection using the placid surface of the lake and the natural backdrop of the surrounding park, mountains and picturesque Rococo Palais. Each day, additional elements of military hardware (a periscope, artillery cannons, the turret of a tank and missile defense launcher) emerged from the water. In this way,“Hybrid War” is literally, a reflection on modern warfare, characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, elements of surprise, symmetry and asymmetry.
Ray Bartkus’ art has been seen by millions through his award-winning editorial illustration work for a number of publications such as The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, Time, Newsweek, Harper’s, Billboard, The Los Angeles Times, The Boston Globe, and many others. Last year, Mr. Bartkus, a native of Lithuania, had exhibitions in Salle des Pas Perdus at the UN in Geneva, at Neon Gallery, at the Wroclaw Academy of Arts in Wroclaw and at Titanikas Gallery at the Vilnius Art Academy. Later this year, an installation will be unveiled at the UN in New York.