On 3 March, the Federal Cabinet adopted an act on corporate due diligence in supply chains. This represents an important step towards German businesses assuming full and proper responsibility for the supply chains associated with their goods and services. The move puts Germany in a group of European countries like France and the Netherlands that have already instituted legal frameworks of their own. However, by choosing to exclude civil liability the German government has left aside a powerful tool for applying targeted pressure to companies that fail to fulfil their obligations. In order to maximise the law’s impact, the German Bundestag and government should therefore adopt additional flanking measures. At the European and international levels, Germany can also contribute to making companies assume greater responsibility for their own supply chains.
On 3 March, the Federal Cabinet adopted an act on corporate due diligence in supply chains. This represents an important step towards German businesses assuming full and proper responsibility for the supply chains associated with their goods and services. The move puts Germany in a group of European countries like France and the Netherlands that have already instituted legal frameworks of their own. However, by choosing to exclude civil liability the German government has left aside a powerful tool for applying targeted pressure to companies that fail to fulfil their obligations. In order to maximise the law’s impact, the German Bundestag and government should therefore adopt additional flanking measures. At the European and international levels, Germany can also contribute to making companies assume greater responsibility for their own supply chains.
In fast allen Bereichen des täglichen Lebens spielt Wasser eine zentrale Rolle, beispielsweise um Nahrungsmittel herzustellen und zu verarbeiten oder um industrielle Güter zu produzieren. Hydroenergie trägt zur Stromerzeugung bei, Kühlsysteme nutzen oft Wasser, und Flüsse dienen als Transportwege. Zur Erholung werden Schwimmbecken befüllt, Golfplätze bewässert, auf Seen wird gerudert und gesegelt. Spirituelle oder religiöse Zeremonien sehen Taufen, Waschungen und Bäder vor, und nicht umsonst verorten viele Kulturen ihre Wurzeln oder gar die Wiege der Menschheit entlang großer Flussläufe, in fruchtbaren Deltas oder regenreichen Hochlagen. Als Trinkwasser ist das blaue Nass sprichwörtlich (über-)lebensnotwendig, da jeder Mensch täglich Wasser zu sich nehmen muss, das auch nicht durch andere Substanzen ersetzt werden kann. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst die Bedeutung der Süßwasserressourcen für die Trinkwasserversorgung erkundet, die vielbeschworene „Wasserkrise“ aufgezeigt und erklärt, auf welche Strategien die Vereinten Nationen zu ihrer Bewältigung und zur Verbesserung der Versorgung setzen. Anschließend wird auf akute oder lokal besonders schwerwiegende Herausforderungen eingegangen, die die chronische Wasserkrise weiter verschärfen: die Wasserversorgung in Krisen- und Kriegsgebieten und die Sicherung der Trinkwasserversorgung während der Corona-Pandemie. Schließlich werden Probleme und Lösungsansätze der globalen Wasser-Governance skizziert.
In fast allen Bereichen des täglichen Lebens spielt Wasser eine zentrale Rolle, beispielsweise um Nahrungsmittel herzustellen und zu verarbeiten oder um industrielle Güter zu produzieren. Hydroenergie trägt zur Stromerzeugung bei, Kühlsysteme nutzen oft Wasser, und Flüsse dienen als Transportwege. Zur Erholung werden Schwimmbecken befüllt, Golfplätze bewässert, auf Seen wird gerudert und gesegelt. Spirituelle oder religiöse Zeremonien sehen Taufen, Waschungen und Bäder vor, und nicht umsonst verorten viele Kulturen ihre Wurzeln oder gar die Wiege der Menschheit entlang großer Flussläufe, in fruchtbaren Deltas oder regenreichen Hochlagen. Als Trinkwasser ist das blaue Nass sprichwörtlich (über-)lebensnotwendig, da jeder Mensch täglich Wasser zu sich nehmen muss, das auch nicht durch andere Substanzen ersetzt werden kann. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst die Bedeutung der Süßwasserressourcen für die Trinkwasserversorgung erkundet, die vielbeschworene „Wasserkrise“ aufgezeigt und erklärt, auf welche Strategien die Vereinten Nationen zu ihrer Bewältigung und zur Verbesserung der Versorgung setzen. Anschließend wird auf akute oder lokal besonders schwerwiegende Herausforderungen eingegangen, die die chronische Wasserkrise weiter verschärfen: die Wasserversorgung in Krisen- und Kriegsgebieten und die Sicherung der Trinkwasserversorgung während der Corona-Pandemie. Schließlich werden Probleme und Lösungsansätze der globalen Wasser-Governance skizziert.
In fast allen Bereichen des täglichen Lebens spielt Wasser eine zentrale Rolle, beispielsweise um Nahrungsmittel herzustellen und zu verarbeiten oder um industrielle Güter zu produzieren. Hydroenergie trägt zur Stromerzeugung bei, Kühlsysteme nutzen oft Wasser, und Flüsse dienen als Transportwege. Zur Erholung werden Schwimmbecken befüllt, Golfplätze bewässert, auf Seen wird gerudert und gesegelt. Spirituelle oder religiöse Zeremonien sehen Taufen, Waschungen und Bäder vor, und nicht umsonst verorten viele Kulturen ihre Wurzeln oder gar die Wiege der Menschheit entlang großer Flussläufe, in fruchtbaren Deltas oder regenreichen Hochlagen. Als Trinkwasser ist das blaue Nass sprichwörtlich (über-)lebensnotwendig, da jeder Mensch täglich Wasser zu sich nehmen muss, das auch nicht durch andere Substanzen ersetzt werden kann. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst die Bedeutung der Süßwasserressourcen für die Trinkwasserversorgung erkundet, die vielbeschworene „Wasserkrise“ aufgezeigt und erklärt, auf welche Strategien die Vereinten Nationen zu ihrer Bewältigung und zur Verbesserung der Versorgung setzen. Anschließend wird auf akute oder lokal besonders schwerwiegende Herausforderungen eingegangen, die die chronische Wasserkrise weiter verschärfen: die Wasserversorgung in Krisen- und Kriegsgebieten und die Sicherung der Trinkwasserversorgung während der Corona-Pandemie. Schließlich werden Probleme und Lösungsansätze der globalen Wasser-Governance skizziert.
After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government rents faded, subsidy spending became financially unsustainable and foreign donors pressed for reforms. Yet, reform has been challenging for all the governments as subsidies affect all consumers, therefore raising the risk of government delegitimisation. Several publications have analysed the subsidy reforms of various MENA countries, but few have systematically analysed their impacts on the prevailing social contracts. This paper shows that reforms in a key policy field such as subsidy spending can affect the nature of social contracts profoundly and distinctly, depending on the reform strategy. It assesses the reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States once more tightened sanctions against Iran and before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. We argue that governments applied distinct strategies to reduce subsidy spending without provoking major social unrest to reforms, with the effect that the social contracts of the three countries changed in quite different ways. Morocco’s government removed most subsidies, especially those that predominantly benefitted the middle-class. It explained the need for reforms, engaged in dialogue with society and implemented some compensatory measures for the poor. Thereby it succeeded in preserving substantial features of its prevailing social contract. The Egyptian government, in contrast, dismantled subsidy schemes more radically but without systematic information and consultation campaigns. Also, its compensatory measures remain limited, which shows that the government no longer relied on social benefits as a means of legitimisation. Instead, by using repression and a narrative of collective security, the emerging social contract has been transformed from being a provision to being a protection pact. Finally, Iran replaced subsidies with a generous quasi-universal cash transfer scheme, which was more cost-efficient and egalitarian. Even if inflation and external shocks eroded these benefits, the reform paved the way to a more inclusive social contract, at least for a couple of years. Lessons learnt from past social transfer reform strategies will be all the more interesting for MENA governments once they embark on post-COVID-19 reconstruction strategies, which are likely to compensate households for financial losses made during the COVID-19 crisis and help them make a new start in economic terms.
After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government rents faded, subsidy spending became financially unsustainable and foreign donors pressed for reforms. Yet, reform has been challenging for all the governments as subsidies affect all consumers, therefore raising the risk of government delegitimisation. Several publications have analysed the subsidy reforms of various MENA countries, but few have systematically analysed their impacts on the prevailing social contracts. This paper shows that reforms in a key policy field such as subsidy spending can affect the nature of social contracts profoundly and distinctly, depending on the reform strategy. It assesses the reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States once more tightened sanctions against Iran and before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. We argue that governments applied distinct strategies to reduce subsidy spending without provoking major social unrest to reforms, with the effect that the social contracts of the three countries changed in quite different ways. Morocco’s government removed most subsidies, especially those that predominantly benefitted the middle-class. It explained the need for reforms, engaged in dialogue with society and implemented some compensatory measures for the poor. Thereby it succeeded in preserving substantial features of its prevailing social contract. The Egyptian government, in contrast, dismantled subsidy schemes more radically but without systematic information and consultation campaigns. Also, its compensatory measures remain limited, which shows that the government no longer relied on social benefits as a means of legitimisation. Instead, by using repression and a narrative of collective security, the emerging social contract has been transformed from being a provision to being a protection pact. Finally, Iran replaced subsidies with a generous quasi-universal cash transfer scheme, which was more cost-efficient and egalitarian. Even if inflation and external shocks eroded these benefits, the reform paved the way to a more inclusive social contract, at least for a couple of years. Lessons learnt from past social transfer reform strategies will be all the more interesting for MENA governments once they embark on post-COVID-19 reconstruction strategies, which are likely to compensate households for financial losses made during the COVID-19 crisis and help them make a new start in economic terms.
After independence, energy and food subsidies became a cornerstone of the social contracts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries. Governments spent heavily to reduce poverty and strengthen their own legitimacy. However, as government rents faded, subsidy spending became financially unsustainable and foreign donors pressed for reforms. Yet, reform has been challenging for all the governments as subsidies affect all consumers, therefore raising the risk of government delegitimisation. Several publications have analysed the subsidy reforms of various MENA countries, but few have systematically analysed their impacts on the prevailing social contracts. This paper shows that reforms in a key policy field such as subsidy spending can affect the nature of social contracts profoundly and distinctly, depending on the reform strategy. It assesses the reform processes that took place in Morocco, Egypt and Iran primarily between 2010 and 2017, thus before the United States once more tightened sanctions against Iran and before the COVID-19 pandemic broke out. We argue that governments applied distinct strategies to reduce subsidy spending without provoking major social unrest to reforms, with the effect that the social contracts of the three countries changed in quite different ways. Morocco’s government removed most subsidies, especially those that predominantly benefitted the middle-class. It explained the need for reforms, engaged in dialogue with society and implemented some compensatory measures for the poor. Thereby it succeeded in preserving substantial features of its prevailing social contract. The Egyptian government, in contrast, dismantled subsidy schemes more radically but without systematic information and consultation campaigns. Also, its compensatory measures remain limited, which shows that the government no longer relied on social benefits as a means of legitimisation. Instead, by using repression and a narrative of collective security, the emerging social contract has been transformed from being a provision to being a protection pact. Finally, Iran replaced subsidies with a generous quasi-universal cash transfer scheme, which was more cost-efficient and egalitarian. Even if inflation and external shocks eroded these benefits, the reform paved the way to a more inclusive social contract, at least for a couple of years. Lessons learnt from past social transfer reform strategies will be all the more interesting for MENA governments once they embark on post-COVID-19 reconstruction strategies, which are likely to compensate households for financial losses made during the COVID-19 crisis and help them make a new start in economic terms.
Zu den gravierendsten wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen der Pandemie zählt die höhere Staatsverschuldung der Eurozonenstaaten. Die massiven Interventionen des Eurosystems haben die Kreditkosten auf Rekordtiefs gesenkt. Für längere Zeit wird es von einer expansiven Geldpolitik abhängen, wie tragfähig die öffentlichen Finanzen der am höchsten verschuldeten Eurozonenländer sein werden. Allerdings wirft dieses Vorgehen Fragen auf. Ungewiss ist, wie lange die Geldpolitik den Schuldenmarkt der EU-19 stützen kann, ob es wirksame Alternativen gibt und welchen Einfluss die hohen Schuldenstände und die Eingriffe der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB) auf die Fundamente der Eurozone haben werden.
Zu den gravierendsten wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen der Pandemie zählt die höhere Staatsverschuldung der Eurozonenstaaten. Die massiven Interventionen des Eurosystems haben die Kreditkosten auf Rekordtiefs gesenkt. Für längere Zeit wird es von einer expansiven Geldpolitik abhängen, wie tragfähig die öffentlichen Finanzen der am höchsten verschuldeten Eurozonenländer sein werden. Allerdings wirft dieses Vorgehen Fragen auf. Ungewiss ist, wie lange die Geldpolitik den Schuldenmarkt der EU-19 stützen kann, ob es wirksame Alternativen gibt und welchen Einfluss die hohen Schuldenstände und die Eingriffe der Europäischen Zentralbank (EZB) auf die Fundamente der Eurozone haben werden.
This article proposes a framework for studying the social contract along the four parameters (4Ps) of protection, provision, participation and the production of hegemony. To appreciate the differentiated experience of how these parameters are lived, this framework is applied to schools as arenas that uniquely capture the dynamics of power and legitimacy in society. The education sector reflects broader transformations in the state bureaucracy, in social policy and in the lived experience of key elements of the social contract from the rule of law and gendered violence to formal and informal privatization, everyday forms of participation and the narratives and practices around nationalism and neoliberalism that legitimize these changes. Applying this approach to the case study of Egypt updates earlier propositions about an Arab social contract and nuances the notion of a tradeoff between provision and participation rights in understanding regime legitimacy. It underlines the critical changes to protection and legitimation over the past decades and the implications of the outsourcing of various elements of the social contract to market, charitable and religious forces. Drawing on rare research inside schools catering to different social classes before and after the 2011 uprising, the article describes how their realities reflect the transformations of lived citizenship in this historical juncture. Egyptian schools reveal a ‘lived social contract’ that is underpinned by selective retraction of protection, a collapse of provision, impoverishment and Islamization of participation and a resulting disengagement from the production of hegemony.