Africa

In our series of letters from African journalists, Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani considers why women abducted by Boko Haram and then released would choose to return to their captors.

They've been training with Everton as part of their fight-back against dangerous prejudice.

When celebrated Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky visited South Africa in 1962, he defied racist laws to perform his music to a black audience.

The Hadza are one of the last remaining hunter-gatherer tribes in the world. Could their diet hold lessons for everyone?

Sudan's Foreign Minister Ibrahim Ghandour Thursday said his government received American pledges to repeal permanently the economic embargo on Sudan next October if the two countries continue the bilateral cooperation.

Speaking to reporters in Khartoum following the return of President Omer al-Bashir from a tour in the Gulf countries included United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, Ghandour said he received a phone call from the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State John J. Sullivan.

"I received a long telephone call from the U.S. Deputy Secretary of State after July 12, in which he pledged to lift sanctions on Sudan by October 12 if the cooperation between the two countries continues at the same pace in the agreed five tracks," said Ghandour.

Ghandour added that the US official had expressed Washington's desire to establish "positive relations" with Sudan. "Also, I conveyed to him Khartoum's desire to normalize relations with the most important and largest country in the world," Ghandour said.

After the delay of the sanctions relief on 12 July, the State Department pointed to the need to discuss human rights, religious freedom and Sudan's commitment to UN sanctions on North Korea.

President Omer al-Bashir's agreement to the request of Saudi Crown Prince Mohamed bin Salman to resume the meetings of joint committee on the sanctions "means institutional and positive communication with Washington, but also affirms Riyadh's supportive stance to lift sanctions on Sudan." said Ghandour.

He disclosed that the Saudi Crown Prince demanded to communicate with the State Department, Pentagon (Defence Department), the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the CIA to clear all the outstanding issues.

Observers in Khartoum believe that the purpose of al-Bashir's visit to UAE and Saudi Arabia was mainly to discuss the lift of sanctions. Mayn thought it was related to the ongoing rift between the Gulf countries and the tiny state of Qatar which is accused of supporting terrorism.

The top diplomat said the condemnation of support to terrorism in the joint communiqué issued at the end of the visit of Sudanese president to Saudi Arabia does not target any country, and reiterated Sudan's neutrality on the conflict.

He further said al-Bashir will visit soon Kuwait and Qatar within the ongoing efforts to end rift.

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A selection of the best photos from across Africa this week.

July 20, 2017 (BENTIU) – Hundreds of civilians fled Bentiu town, following renewed clashes on Thursday between South Sudan's rival forces at Panakuach, north of Unity state.

The map of Unity state

Aid workers at the protection of civilians' sites confirmed the attack.

A number of civilians, eyewitnesses told Sudan Tribune, were seen fleeing the town into the United Nations camp in Rubkotna.

“A large number of civilians feared of their safety in Bentiu, as the armed opposition approached 40 kilometers away northwest of Bentiu,” an eyewitness said Thursday.

Some civilians accused government forces blocked them from entering the UN camp, allegations Sudan Tribune could not verify.

However, the rebel spokesperson, Brig Gen. William Gatjiath Deng claimed he was unaware of any fighting between the rival factions.

The official said the rebels would defend their territory, despite the recently declared ceasefire, if the government forces provoke them.

The spokesperson for the armed opposition faction in Juba, Dickson Gatluak told Sudan Tribune that their forces fighting alongside government troops would counter attacks from rebels in Unity State.

“The situation in Bentiu must be monitored with maximum attention. At present time, the SPLA-IO [armed opposition] troops in collaboration with the SPLA [South Sudan army] are monitoring the situation in areas of the oil-rich state, north of the country,” he said.

The situation around Bentiu town has reportedly remained tensed amidst fears of a full-scale war between the two main rival factions.

South Sudan's conflict started in December 2013 when President Kiir accused Machar of a coup attempt. Since then, tens of thousands of people been killed and over 2 million displaced.

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July 20, 2017 (KHARTOUM) - A Sudanese court refused bail on Thursday for the prominent human rights defender Mudawi Ibrahim who is accused of espionage and intelligence activities.

Chairman of the Sudan Social Development Organization (SUDO) Mudawi Ibrahim Adam (www.democracyandsecurity.org)

On 5 June, the State Security Prosecutor Babiker Abdel-Latif said the complainant informed the prosecution of the involvement of the accused in a criminal organisation conducting espionage and intelligence activities in favour of foreign embassies in the country.

“They also provided false allegations pertaining to the use of chemical weapons and distorting the image of the country,” stressed the prosecutor.

The Khartoum Criminal Court on Thursday rejected a request by the defence for the release on bail of the human rights activist with the usual guarantee in the case where he was charged with "running espionage and intelligence activities."

Headed by Judge Abdin Hamad Dahi, the court, justified its refusal saying the accused are facing charges of criminal complicity and espionage, which cannot be dealt in accordance with the ordinary criminal procedure code.

The court session was attended by many activists and representatives of foreign diplomatic missions in Khartoum.

The judges decided to hold the next session in mid-September.

Ibrahim, an engineering professor and Chair of the non-governmental organisation Sudan Social Development Organisation (SUDO) was arrested by the National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS) on 7 December 2016.

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July 20, 2017 (NYALA) - The military intelligence in South Darfur state this week have arrested 10 commanders of a former rebel group accused of inciting their combatants to rebel against the government.

Fighters with Sudan's Justice and Equality (JEM) Movement in al-Fasher, northern Darfur, on July 25, 2011 (Ashraf Shazly AFP/Getty)

The military intelligence company of the 16th Infantry Division of the Sudanese Army arrested several commanders of the Justice and Equality Movement - Comprehensive Peace (JEM-CP), a photographer and a computer technician and accused them of participation in an attempt to form a rebel group.

Sources told Sudan Tribune that the accused would appear before a military court next week.

The two main groups in Darfur region: Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and JEM split to small factions many of which signed a peace agreement with the government. However, many of them remained divided and weigh their relations with Khartoum according to its positions towards their rivals.

Recently the JEM-Dabajo protested over its representation in the new national dialogue government saying over groups with less military strength got more portfolios in the national and regional governments and threatened to suspend its participation in the government.

Reached by Sudan Tribune, Issa Dodah Hasabo a JEM-CP Executive Bureau member confirmed the arrest of their commanders including Siam Burah Gibril suspected of inciting their fighters who are deployed in different areas to rebel.

Hasabo said JEM-CP signed a peace agreement with Khartoum in 2011 after breaking away from a JEM faction led by Adam Abdel Rahim Abu Rishah which had joined the Darfur Peace Agreement in 2006.

However, he dismissed the charges against his comrades pointing that some officials of the group toured the last June all the areas where are deployed the fighters of the group to brief them on the implementation of the security arrangements before the end of 2017.

Hasabo further said that the local authorities had been advised of the move, adding they issued identification cards in preparation for the enforcement of the security arrangements.

The peace agreements signed with the rebel factions generally provide to integrate the former rebel combatants in the regular forces or other administration and services. But the government delayed its implementation due to the lack of financial resources.

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July 20, 2017 (JUBA) – The South Sudanese government on Thursday said it had completed the verification needed before the regional protection forces are deployed into the war-torn nation.

S. Sudan cabinet affairs minister Martin Elia Lomoro (Photo KT Press)

The cabinet affairs minister, Martin Elia Lomuro said verification of the forces and equipment to be brought by regional forces into the country had been completed and that land was allocated by Jubek state government for their base.

“On our side as the government, there is no problem anymore. We have done our verification and have cleared the deployment of the regional protection. Already fourteen top commanders of the regional protection force have been in the country since March as part of the deployment process,” said Lomuro.

He added, “So we have done our part and we just wait for whatever is required of us”.

The minister, however, said the government was unaware of when the forces would arrive, although it's anticipated to be at end of month.

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) issued Resolution 2304 in August last year, allowing deployment of more than 4,000 troops to beef up the existing 13,000 UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) force.

South Sudan's Transitional Government of National Unity confirmed its unconditional consent to the deployment of the force in a communiqué to the UN Security Council on November 30, 2016.

The regional protection forces, once deployed, will be mandated to protect key installations like the Juba airport, facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance and provide protection to the civilians.

The regional forces are also expected to further strengthen the security of UN protection of civilians' sites and other UN premises.

South Sudan's civil war broke out in December 2013 after President Salva Kiir accused his former deputy Riek Machar of plotting a coup.

Machar denied the accusation but later mobilised a strong rebel movement.

A peace deal signed in August 2015 led to the formation of a coalition government but was again devastated by fresh violence that broke out in July last year.

Tens of thousands of South Sudanese have been killed, with millions of others displaced and over 4 million people left severely food insecure since December 2013.

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July 20, 2017 (JUBA) - Members of the Troika and the European Union have condemned the continuing violence in South Sudan, especially the current offensive by government forces against the country's armed opposition (SPLM-IO) forces near Pagak town.

Pagak, located on South Sudan's border with Ethiopia, has been a military stronghold for rebel forces loyal to former First-Vice President, Riek Machar.

The Pagak offensive, they said in a joint statement, is a clear violation of the unilateral ceasefire declared by President Salva Kiir on 22 May, and calls into question the Juba government's commitment to reach peace through the national dialogue, notwithstanding the sincere efforts undertaken by the leaders of the steering committee.

“The Troika and EU repeat and endorse the June 12 call by the leaders of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) for President Kiir to ensure that his forces respect the unilateral ceasefire, for the armed opposition groups to reciprocate the ceasefire, and for all groups to allow the unfettered delivery of humanitarian assistance to all those in need,” reads the statement.

Both the Troika and EU members welcomed IGAD's announcement of a High-Level Revitalization Forum for the South Sudan peace process and called upon the regional bloc to expeditiously convene the forum, and to include the current principal parties to the conflict.

“Likewise, we urge all parties to fully participate in the forum. The Troika and EU agree with IGAD that the Forum should focus on achieving a ceasefire and resuming political dialogue that focuses on updating the agreement's timelines and other provisions that are now obsolete in light of the expansion of conflict since 2015,” adds the joint statement.

The Troika and EU members said the proliferation of violence, displacement, and food insecurity renders any discussion of elections in the foreseeable future as an unnecessary diversion from the primary goals of achieving peace and reconciliation.

“South Sudan's leaders, neighbors, and regional and international partners must first focus on achieving peace in order to create the conditions needed to hold credible elections,” their statement noted.

“To achieve these urgent goals, we look forward to the prompt revitalization of an inclusive and credible peace process by IGAD,” it added, vowing to support institutions designed to implement the accord that temporarily ended the conflict.

CALLS FOR ACCOUNTABILITY

Michael J. Sison, the U.S deputy permanent representative to the United Nations, said on Thursday that the 15-member Security Council needed to hold the South Sudanese parties on the ground accountable for their broken promises.

“We called on the parties to stop fighting, commit to a political process, and allow for unfettered humanitarian access, but virtually none of these steps happened. So this Council must be prepared to hold the parties accountable for their inaction and for the continued suffering of South Sudan's people,” Sison told the Security Council.

“The Council must put real pressure on the parties to change their behavior”, he added.

Last week, the head of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, David Shearer said there was "heavy fighting" and an "extremely worrying" situation in Pagak, forcing civilians and aid workers to flee.

At least 5,000 civilians, he said, have been forced out of their homes.

According to Shearer, thousands of South Sudanese civilians are fleeing to neighbouring Ethiopia as government troops and its allied forces advanced towards Pagak town, expressing grave concerns about what was already the world's fastest growing refugee crisis.

Stressing there was no military solution to the South Sudan conflict, Shearer called upon all the warring both factions to stop the fighting.

The South Sudanese conflict started in mid-December 2013 when President Kiir accused Machar of a coup attempt. Since then, tens of thousands of people been killed and more than 2 million displaced.

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July 20, 2017 (JUBA) - South Sudan President Salva Kiir Thursday travelled to the neighbouring Uganda for talks on bilateral relations and regional issue with his counterpart Yoweri Museveni, according to the government officials.

The presidents of Uganda and South Sudan Yoweri Museveni (L) and Salva Kiir walk side by side (Photo: Getty Images)

The visit also comes the after the postponement of the third meeting on the reunification of Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM) factions. The two leaders are expected to discuss ways to break the deadlock in the negotiations.

Minister Mayiik Ayii Deng told reporters at Juba airport that the South Sudanese leader was going to discuss regional issues with his Ugandan counterpart. The issue of army worms, a destructive insect which attacked and destroyed crops, mainly maize flour in the region including some part of South Sudan was going to be one of the agendas which the two leaders would discuss.

The Presidential aide further said the head of state would use the visit to share his views with experts and the government of Uganda on how best the two countries could combine efforts to address the situation.

Other issues, he said will be an extension of appreciation to President Museveni for attending the launching and swearing in of the steering committee of the National Dialogue. President Museveni, according to minister Deng, has been very supportive of the process as the way to end the war.

President Kiir was seen off at Juba airport on departure by a line of government officials, including the Vice President James Wani Igga. He was accompanied by Minister of Defence, Kuol Manyang Juuk, Minister of Wild Conservation and SPLM Acting Secretary, Jemma Nunu Kumba and other officials.

SPLM REUNIFICATION

Informed sources said the visit takes place on the request of his Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni who wants to consult with President Kiir over the way forward after the SPLM-IO refusal to join the SPLM reunification process in Kampala.

The SPLM-In-Opposition group led by the former First Vice President Riek Machar declined an invitation to participate in the third SPLM reunification meeting scheduled for July 12, 2017

The absence of the main armed group forced the parties who have travelled to the venue to defer the meeting. Instead, they asked the Ugandan President who hosts the talks to conduct wider consultation with leaders of the factions to come up with views of what would constitute the agenda of the discussions.

The representatives of the faction loyal to President Kiir returned to Juba and delivered him the message in which President Museveni asked him to meet in Uganda for talks over how he could proceed with the process. The receipt of the message caused the president to travel.

In principle, the SPLM-IO says a search for a sustainable peace should be the critical priority than the reconciliation of the SPLM factions or implementation of the “collapsed agreement.”

Also, last June, the rebel leader declined an invitation for his group to attend the reunification process meeting in Uganda pointing to the need to lift his confinement in South Africa. He said he cannot come or send a delegation without prior consultations with the group leadership body.

Machar reiterated his commitment to peace and urged Ugandan government to consider supporting a new political process for peace talks to peacefully resolve the ongoing conflict in the country after the resumption of the conflict in July 2016 when he forced to flee.

Between 25 and 26 May 2017, Museveni hosted a meeting aimed at the reunification of the different factions of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement (SPLM). But the Former Political Detainees (FDs) faction of the SPLM, declined to sign a deal reached at the meeting calling for the inclusiveness of the process.

Initially the meeting excluded Machar group, which signed Arusha agreement on 21 January 2015., while the SPLM-IO of Taban Deng Gai took part in the discussion.

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Wrapping up a four-day mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the United Nations humanitarian chief today urged the world &#8220not to forget the DRC,&#8221 and called for scaled-up relief funding to help millions of people suffering from violence, diseases, and malnutrition.

By Tesfa-Alem Tekle

July 20, 2017 (ADDIS ABABA) - The European Union (EU) on Thursday commended the ruling party, Ethiopia peoples Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) for opening space for dialogue with opposition parties.

Currently, 21 political parties, including the ruling coalition EPRDF are engaged in consultations and debate to bring about political reform in a bid to strengthen democratic culture in the horn of Africa's nation.

The political parties dialogue was launched in January intends to allow legally operating opposition parties who lost Parliamentary seats to play own political roles on major national issues.

The reform initiative also intends to address public demands who had long sought for more political inclusiveness to accelerate the democratisation process of the country.

"EU is very happy and welcome the ongoing political dialogue with civil society and political parties," said Chantal Hebbercht, EU head delegation to Ethiopia after discussions between ambassadors of EU member states and Prime Minister Hailemariam

Hebberchat told reporters here in Addis Ababa that this kind of direct dialogue with parties, the people and civic society is very crucial in the democratisation process.

Some opposition officials taking part in the ongoing national dialogue today told Sudan Tribune that the initiative the ruling party had taken is a major step forward towards strengthening the country's democratic culture.

They said the initiative of engaging the different parties in a political negotiation and dialogue would open the doors for political space and in building participatory democracy and political pluralism in the country.

According to Teshome Toga, Ethiopian Ambassador to EU, the delegation was briefed by the Premier on the effort regarding the in-depth reform that the government has been pursuing and the political reform being undertaken through dialogue with political parties and civic societies.

EPRDF opened a room to opposition political parties to sit for the negotiations after growing public complaints in connection with lack of transparency and absence of open discussion between the ruling party and other political parties.

Reforms in the electoral process and on the controversial anti-terrorism as well as other major national issues which had differences with the ruling and other parties are among some national agendas tabled on the ongoing consultations and debate.

The Ethiopian government has invited the EU member states to follow the ongoing negotiation among the parties focused on various agendas.

Ambassadors of EU member states residing in Addis Ababa each year hold dialogue on the partnership with Ethiopia in accordance with the ACP-EU Partnership Agreement, signed in Cotonou, Benin in June 2000.

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July 20, 2017 (WASHINGTON) - U.S. State Department Thursday has welcomed Khartoum decision to continue its participation in a joint committee over the permanent revocation of economic sanctions.

In response to the delay of sanctions relief, Sudanese President Omer al-Bashir on 13 July decided to suspend the participation of his government in the joint committee until the 12 October, the date of the upcoming decision.

However, following a visit to Riyadh on Tuesday 18 July where he met with the Saudi King Salman and the Crown Prince Mohamed Ibn Salman, the Sudanese president -in a joint communiqué- agreed to a Saudi request to continue the joint meetings with the U.S. official agencies for the permanent lift of economic embargo.

"The United States welcomes the recent announcements by the Governments of Sudan and Saudi Arabia underscoring Sudan's commitment to sustain positive dialogue with the United States and to continue collective efforts to fight terrorism," said the State Department in a statement on Thursday.

Washington explained its decision to postpone the lift of sanctions saying they need further to discuss with Khartoum, human rights, religious freedom and Sudan's commitments to the sanctions on North Korea.

At the same time, it praised Khartoum cooperation on the counterterrorism and reiterated its commitment to the five tracks framework.

Also on Wednesday, for the first time since 1993, the State Department applauded Khartoum cooperation in the fight against ISIS group adding it has stopped its support to Hamas and other terrorist groups.

"As outlined in the 2016 U.S. Country Report on Terrorism issued July 19, the United States notes Sudan's improved counterterrorism efforts through enhanced interagency and international cooperation to address the threat from ISIS and other terrorist organizations, and its willingness to pursue counterterrorism operations alongside regional partners, including operations to counter threats to U.S. interests and personnel in Sudan," said the statement.

The two countries have three months to address the three points put by Washington on the negotiating table, before the 12 October.

Saudi Arabia pledged to continue its efforts to convince the President Donald Trump to repeal Sudan's sanctions, but it is not clear if he would be able to disregard the pressure of the Congress and activists.

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What is life like for those involved in Europe's great migration?

Our correspondent visits the ancient city of Harar as it celebrates its 1,010th anniversary.

July 19, 2017 (KHARTOUM) - Sudanese security agents Wednesday have blocked hundreds of Darfurians students studying in the White Nile State outside the Sudanese capital where they intended to protest against punitive measures by their university.

According to the opposition sources, over 1000 students of University of Bakht Al-Ruda (UB) in White Nile State resigned from the university and decided to travel to the Sudanese capital to demand the release of their colleagues accused of killing two police officers during violent student clashes last May.

After failing to stop the protesters in Ed Dueim town where the university is located, the National Intelligence Security Service (NISS) blocked the protesters in Sheikh Alyacout area near Jebel Awliya south to the capital Khartoum on Tuesday.

Sudanese opposition parties and armed groups condemned the blockade of the university students outside Khartoum where they spent the night in the open. Amnesty International also denounced the bad treatment of the protesters and called to "protect them and ensure that their grievances are heard".

Also, a delegation of the opposition parties visited the protesters and decided to provide them with the needed support. Further, they decided to form a legal committee composed of lawyers to follow up the issues of Darfur students.

The protesters demand the release of 10 students accused of killing the policemen. Also, they want the readmission of 14 other students who were expelled from the university.

During the recent years, the NISS used to target students from Darfur region and suspect them of supporting the hold out armed groups.

In a related development, the Sudanese Congress Party (SCoP) said the security services arrested the four-member delegation in Jebel Awlyia after their visit to the protesting students in the afternoon.

The arrested are Ibrahim al-Sheikh the former chairman of the opposition party and the member of the SCoP Central Council, Abu Bakr Yousef, the political secretary, Amani Malik, deputy human rights secretary and Mwahib Magzoub the party political secretary in Khartoum State.

On Wednesday morning, security agents arrested, Suleiman Khalifa Dinari, SCoP deputy head in Khartoum State. However, he has been released 5 hours after.

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July 18, 2017 (YEI) - Children suffering from the ongoing violence and poverty in war-torn South Sudan have urged the country's political leaders to restore peace and stability in South Sudan's town of Yei.

South Sudan President Salva Kiir (C) poses for a picture after the government swearing in with his first deputy Riek Machar (R) and second deputy James Wani on 29 April 2016 (Photo Moses Lomayat)

The situation in Yei, located about 150 kilometres south of the capital, Juba is currently dire following last year's outbreak of the violent conflict.

According to the United Nations, 70% of the population in Yei town fled last year after fierce fighting erupted between government and opposition forces, leaving the largely a “ghost” town.

The ongoing conflict in Yei has prevented cultivating crops because of the ongoing insecurity, murders, abductions, rape, and lootings.

Some children are reportedly remaining in Yei town, including a number of orphans who have sought sanctuary at the Catholic founded Christ the King Primary School.

2 MILLION CHILDREN DISPLACED

Over 2,000 children have been killed or injured, and much more have witnessed horrific violence due to the raging civil war in South Sudan, the U.N Children Fund (UNICEF), said in a new report released on the eve of the country's independence.

Millions of children in South Sudan, it said, are suffering unthinkable hardships and setbacks in their education, nutrition, and health.

UNICEF released its report ahead of South Sudan's sixth Independence Day on 9 July.

According to UNICEF, more than two million children have been forced from their homes to escape the fighting in a country with the highest percentage of children out of school, in the world.

South Sudan's war, sparked when President Salva Kiir accused his former deputy Riek Machar of plotting a coup in 2013, has been marked by numerous atrocities against civilians despite the presence of thousands of UN peacekeeping troops.

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July 19, 2017 (JUBA) - The United Nations says it plans to open a new base in the conflict-hit Yei region of South Sudan if the warring parties allow its peacekeepers unfettered access to outlying villages.

The Head of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), David Shearer, visited the town yesterday on a mission to assess the needs of the community against the value of establishing a base.

The head of the UN mission in the country (UNMISS), David Shearer said several conditions must be met before the world body commits to a new base, including guaranteed access for peacekeepers to areas outside the town, the cooperation of local authorities, and a grassroots peace process that is genuinely inclusive.

“There's no point just talking to your friends. You have to talk to your enemies too or there will be no peace,” said Shearer.

Yei, an agricultural area that was relatively peaceful, became volatile in 2016 when violence erupted between government and Opposition forces as they fought for control over the strategic region.

Due to the renewed violence, most of the population reportedly fled, leaving Yei a ghost town, which it largely remains today amidst the ongoing violence, human rights abuses, and extreme poverty.

Shearer, however, expressed concerns that Yei region, the former breadbasket of war-torn South Sudan instead needed food aid.

“Everything you would want is here and yet it has been destroyed by war. Seventy per cent of the population is no longer here. They are in refugee camps or displaced.

"That's the real tragedy so whatever we can do to try and support bringing back Yei to what it was, we will try and do,” he said.

Members of Yei State Transitional Legislative Assembly, Christian and Muslim religious leaders, women and youth representatives support the establishment of a new UN base in the town to provide protection and help build a durable peace.

The state assembly speaker, Naphtali Hassen Gale, said there was little evidence of rule of law in the town and many crimes were tolerated instead of being prosecuted.

“This had created a breakdown between the Government and the people and it would take time to restore confidence again,” stressed Gale.

But while a local peace agreement was signed last month, many in the community say, unless killings, abduction, rape and robberies stop, there is little hope of enduring peace or the recovery of the once vibrant and prosperous Yei region.

UNMISS was established on 8 July 2011 by UN Security Council Resolution 1996 (2011). As of August 2015, it comprised of 12,523 total personnel, 11,350 military, and 1,173 police personnel. It is headquartered in the South Sudanese capital Juba.

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